中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
人工智能如何做到可信、可用?专家热议:把责任归结到个人****** 中新网北京12月11日电 人工智能治理的理想状态,是人工智能技术能做到可知、可信、可控、可用。而在现实中,人工智能技术手段虽然非常强大,但是离完美、完善仍有相当的距离。从技术角度和技术应用角度,人工智能的发展如何做到扬长避短? 近日,在2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛上,专家围绕该话题进行了讨论。 中国工程院院士、鹏城实验室主任高文认为,现阶段很多技术还处于发展的过程中,如果过早地说这个不能用、那个不能用,可能会抑制技术本身的发展。但反过来,如果什么都不管,也不行。 “因此,现在更多还是从道德层面多进行引导。同时,做技术的人,也要尽量把一些可能的风险、抑制工具,即约束风险的工具,尽快想明白。自己也做,同时号召大家做,两者结合。”他说。 清华大学智能产业研究院国强教授、首席研究员聂再清认为,我们要保证能够创新,但同时不能让创新对我们的生活产生破坏性的影响,最好的办法就是把责任归结到个人。 “技术的背后是有人在控制的。这个人应该时刻保证工具或创新在危险可控的范围内。同时,社会也要进行集体的监督,发布某个产品或技术,要能够召回、撤销。在创新和监管之间,当然是需要平衡的,但归根结底,还是要把责任落实到个人身上。”他指出。 瑞莱智慧RealAI公司联合创始人、首席执行官田天补充道,在技术可解释性方面,需要去进行技术发展与相应应用场景的深度结合。大家需要一个更加可解释的AI模型,或者更加可解释的AI应用。 “但我们真正想落地的时候,会发现每个人想要的可解释性完全不一样。比如:模型层面的可解释,可能从研发人员角度觉得已经很好了,但是从用户的角度是看不懂的,这需要一些案例级的解释,甚至通过替代模型等方式进行解释。因此,在不同领域,需要不同的可解释能力,以及不同的可解释级别,这样才能让技术在应用场景发挥最好的作用。”他说。 将伦理准则嵌入到人工智能产品与系统研发设计中,现在是不是时候? 高文认为,人工智能软件、系统应该有召回的功能。如果社会或伦理委员会发现这样做不对,可能带来危害,要么召回,要么撤销。 高文说,应用的开发者,系统提交或者最终用户让他去调整的时候,他应该有责任。如果开发者发现已经踩线了,应该给他一个保护机制,他可以拒绝后面的支持和维护,甚至可以起诉。“不能只说哪一方不行,光说是开发者的责任,他可能觉得冤枉,因为他只提供工具,但有时候是有责任的,只是说责任怎么界定。” “在人工智能的发展过程中,一方面要建立一些红线。”田天建议,比如,对于人工智能的直接滥用,造假、个人隐私泄露,甚至关联到国家安全、生命安全的,这些领域一定要建立相关红线,相应的惩罚规定一定要非常清晰,这是保证人工智能不触犯人类利益的基本保障。 “在这个基础上,对于处于模糊地带的,希望能留有更多空间。不光是从限制角度,也可以从鼓励更加重视伦理的角度,促进合规地发展。”田天称。 2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛由清华大学主办,清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院(I-AIIG)承办,中国新闻网作为战略合作伙伴,联合国开发计划署(UNDP)、联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)等国际组织、国内外学术机构支持。(中新财经)
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